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When you think about the nutrients you need for a healthy thyroid, you’ll probably be first thinking about iodine, selenium, and tyrosine. And you wouldn’t be wrong, but one of the essential minerals for thyroid function that often gets overlooked is iron.

Iron is an essential nutrient that helps us to carry the oxygen around in our red blood cells, and one of the most common symptoms experienced with iron deficiency (anemia) is fatigue, which funnily enough, is also a common symptoms of hypothyroidism, alongside heart palpitations, hair loss, and shortness of breath, difficulty concentrating and low mood.

Iron deficiency is found in up to 60% of patients with hypothyroidism, and a correlation has been found between low levels of iron and hypothyroidism in women. (1)

A point to consider is that if you have thyroid problems, the normal reference ranges for what healthy iron levels are will be a bit different. I will go into what I consider to be an ideal iron profile for hypothyroidism below.

Being deficient in iron can affect thyroid function, and poor thyroid function can affect iron levels.

Iron is part of the thyroid team

Iron has a huge role to play in the health of our thyroid hormones, which I will go into more detail about below. A coexisting deficiency of iron alongside other nutrients can have an added effect, stopping those nutrients from working effectively – this is particularly so in the case of iodine (2) (3).

Several studies have found that supplementing with iron alongside iodine produces a greater effect on thyroid health than with iodine alone, in those who are deficient (4).

How Iron affects the thyroid

There’s a few key areas where iron is involved in keeping thyroid levels happy:

If you are iron deficient the thyroid hormone can’t get properly transported into the cells where it can do it’s thing. This will still show as having normal levels of T3 in blood tests, but you’ll be experiencing symptoms of underactive thyoid.

One of the main enzymes you need to synthesise the thyroid hormones, thyroid pyroxidase, is heme-dependant, which means that it requires iron to work effectively. If you are deficient in iron this enzyme can be reduced by 30-50%, which slows the conversion of T4 to T3 (2).

Iron deficiency can also disrupt adrenal health, which is another area that when out of balance can cause thyroid problems (5).

How your Thyroid affects Iron Levels

In women with hypothyroidism, your periods are more likely to be heavier (a condition called menorrhagia) and this can result in an increased blood loss and consequently losing iron as well (5) (6) (7).

Your thyroid hormones affect your gastric acid secretion, and so having hypothyroidism can result in lower absorption of nutrients, in particular iron which requires plenty of acid to be absorbed(8) (9).

People with thyroid problems often have difficulty digesting wheat and this can cause inflammation in the digestive system, impairing nutrient absorption.

It’s not uncommon for people with thyroid problems to be inflamed and/or overweight (especially in hypothyroidism) and this can affect how much iron you can absorb via a hormone called Hepcidin. This hormone increases when you’re inflamed, which can be from a result of things like when you’re stressed, worn out, have an infected, on certain medications and inflammation also increases when you’re overweight.

It’s quite normal for our body to lock iron away and stop absorption when we’re sick, as this is one of our innate mechanisms for starving infections. But when this message gets skewed and iron absorption is affected long term, that

Testing for Iron deficiency

Before undergoing an iron test, you will need to stop any iron supplements at least 5 days before, as the supplements can skew the test. It’s also a good idea to ensure you’re properly hydrated.

When testing iron studies there are a few markers performed. Below I give the normal reference ranges, however please remember that different labs have different values that they work with so always check with your practitioner before starting any changes based on these results, I have included the reference ranges to give you an example of where in them you would want to approximately aim to be.

Ferritin (how much iron you have stored).

            This has a huge reference range and it’s different for men and women. For women the labs will say normal is anywhere between 12-200ug/L, however I say aim for this to be 70-90, and about 100 for men.

            It’s important to take this marker into consideration with the other readings, because situations like inflammation or an infection will cause your ferritin levels to appear much higher, and if associated with a high level of serum iron and saturation it may indicate haemochromotosis (a condition that affects iron excretion) or another genetic imbalance such as MTHFR.

            Very low levels of ferritin can also indicate heavy metal toxicity, a common issue in thyroid problems.

Serum iron (how much iron is floating around your blood stream bound by transferrin).

            Normal reference range is between 5-30.

            This will drop lower in acute infections, and will be low in chronic iron deficiency and blood loss.

            You want to aim to be in the lower 20s, men slightly higher.

TIBC (Total Iron Binding Capacity)

            This goes higher in iron deficiency and

Normal reference ranges 45-72

Saturation % (essentially it’s serum iron divided by total iron binding capacity).

A few notes on improving iron levels

•  Be careful of which type of iron you use, as some can be constipating. Recently, topical iron has become available as an option, which may be worthwhile discussing with your practitioner.
• Take iron supplements with a glass of water on rising before other supplements by 30 minutes. Ok to take at the same time as thyroxin.
• Iron is best absorbed alongside vitamin C.
• Consider your intake of drinks which may reduce iron absorption such as tea (these contain tannins which can bind to the iron).
• Check other reasons for iron deficiency such as iron loss through bleeding (e.g. with heavy periods) or digestive issues.

VIDEO – Nutrients for optimal thyroid health.

Need some thyroid lovin’?

You can connect with me via the contact page to organise an appointment (now also available via Skype for those who can’t make it into the clinic) or give the clinic a call.

References

1. Interacting effects of selected trace and toxic metals on thyroid function. Jain, R B and Choi, Y S. 1, s.l. : International Journal of Environmental health research, 2015, Vol. 19.
2. The impact of iron and selenium deficiencies on iodine and thyroid metabolism: biochemistry and relevance to public health. Zimmermann, M B and Köhrle, J. 10, s.l. : Thyroid: official journal of the American Thyroid Association., 2002, Vol. 12.
3. The influence of iron status on iodine utilization and thyroid function. Zimmermann, Michael B. s.l. : Annual Review of Nutrition, August 2006, Vol. 26, pp. 367-89.
4. The impact of common micronutrient deficiencies on iodine and thyroid metabolism: the evidence from human studies. Hess, Sonja Y. 1, s.l. : Best Practice and Research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism., 2010, Vol. 24.
5. Menorrhagia–a pragmatic approach to the understanding of causes and the need for investigations. Fraser, I S. 11, s.l. : British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1994, Vol. 101.
6. Profound hypothyroidism-induced acute menorrhagia resulting in life-threatening anemia. Moragianni, V A and Somkuti, S G. 2, s.l. : Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2007, Vol. 110.
7. Menorrhagia and hypothyroidism. Weeks, Andrew D. 649, s.l. : BMJ, 2000, Vol. 320.
8. Gastroprotective effects of Nigella Sativa oil on the formation of stress gastritis in hypothyroidal rats. Abdel-Sater, Khaled A. 2, s.l. : International Journal of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology., 10 March 2009, Vol. 1, pp. 143-149.
9. Effects of thyroid hormones on basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion due to histamine, carbachol and pentagastrin in rats. Rafsanjani, F N, et al. 4, s.l. : Saudi Medical Journal, 2003, Vol. 24.

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Health & Wellbeing Podcast #2

This is my second podcast and this time it’s all me. Today I’m talking about reasons for fatigue. Energy problems can be caused by a huge range of issues, so I wanted to discuss some of the most common ones. While it’s not a 100% conclusive list, I hope that this gives people a good place to start when they’re trying to work out why they’re so tired.

Want to subscribe to get podcasts automatically? You can do that here: https://itunes.apple.com/au/podcast/health-wellbeing-podcast/id1006574743

Podcast breakdown:

2:30 Mitochondria – The powerhouse of your cells, where energy is made. The health and quantity of our mitochrondria determine our ability to make energy, and they can they are susceptible to oxidative damage, and can be depleted by certain nutritional deficiencies.

5:22 Inflammation, particularly chronic inflammation can affect energy and cause other imbalance.

7:40 Andropause, also known as male menopause

8:16 Some tips on reducing chronic inflammation

9:14 Stress is a major cause of fatigue, usually presenting in the form of adrenal exhaustion of HPA Axis dysfunction.

11:28 Thyroid problems are another major cause of fatigue, especially hypothyroidism.

13:36 Nutritional deficiencies that can cause fatigue, Iron, B vitamins, magnesium, zinc

16:12 Certain medications can affect energy levels

16:46 Inadequate exercise can cause fatigue, but this isn’t always straightforward

18:27 The wrong diet – not enough food, too much food, or the wrong type of food for you.

20:39 Sleep. Most of us aren’t getting enough, or it can be an issue with the quality of sleep. I discuss some tips on sleep hygiene.

23:00 Sleep apnoea

23:40 Shift work

26:30 Obesity and fatigue

28:57 The importance of gut health; gut problems can cause fatigue as well.

30:00 Toxicity affects the mitochrondria- what is toxicity, where does it come from, how can you identify if you’re toxic?

31:13 What do you do if you’ve been tired for a long time and you don’t know why? Start by working out a timeline. If you can’t do this because the fatigue has been going on for such a long time then testing may be helpful. There are several different types of testing available, but you may not need to do all of them.

33:00 Some tips for reducing inflammation and improving energy through diet

34:30 Depression is a common cause of fatigue.

35:29 My favourite herbs for energy

The post Reasons for Fatigue appeared first on Alison Mitchell Naturopath.

It’s no new news that you should eat well while you’re pregnant. But what a lot of people don’t realize is the importance of eating well BEFORE you fall pregnant – during the preconception period. I try to teach my patients the importance of a healthy preconception care diet for both mother and father for at least 4 months before they are going to try to conceive.

Considering how hard it is to eat a healthy, nutrient dense diet when you have morning sickness, it makes the 4 month preconception care period all the more important (although I don’t think there’s a period of life when you shouldn’t eat well).

The reason for this time frame is because sperm can take 116 days to generate and during this time they are easily susceptible to damage. Similarly, the egg is vulnerable during maturation for around 100 days leading up to ovulation.

The damage that I’m referring to is of the genes of the sperm and the egg. If the genes of either are altered, then the foetus is more likely to develop a stronger tendency to genetic conditions such as autism, schizophrenia, genetic cancers, physical malformations and can increase general ill-health.

The thing about DNA is that some genes can be turned on and off like a light switch. Our environment i.e. the food that we eat and the chemicals that we’re exposed to control these switches – this concept is referred to as epigenetics. Methylation is another player in this whole process – it is a chemical ‘tagging’ process which aids in activating certain proteins in our body and silencing some genes.  This process is dependent on healthy levels of certain B vitamins – deficiencies in these vitamins can lead to an increase in DNA damage and when methylation isn’t working properly it can also cause problems in adults as well, such as heart disease, mood disorders and more.

Epigenetics research

While the research in this field is still in its infancy (haha, get it?) the research that we do have available is certainly interesting.

Most of the research that has been done in this field has been on mice. Any information that we get from animal research can never be fully extrapolated into recommendations for humans because mice and human metabolisms are worlds apart. It is a starting point however.

The human research that has been done has mostly been on the mother, and until recently it has mostly been during pregnancy. I believe the diet and supplements for the preconception period are just as important for the father however, and while there is some research in this area it is minimal in comparison.

The most well known study is that of the agouti mice. A selection of mice that were genetically identical were exposed to certain chemicals or dietary changes during their pregnancies that triggered gene changes in their pups, which was displayed as the production of the agouti protein, which turned their hair yellow. This same protein also prevented the mice from being able to feel full, and they developed obesity and were more prone to cancer and diabetes.  Some of the mice did not express this gene and so remained of normal weight and brown and some mice developed a mottled yellow-brown colour, only having partial gene expression. They were all genetically identical, however their gene expression was different.

Figure 1 The Yellow Agouti Mouse Model

Diet during pregnancy

Another study found that mice fed a high fat diet during pregnancy produced mice with altered metabolisms and also had brain changes which resulted in an impaired ability to feel when they were full. The third trimester and breastfeeding period were most important in this aspect.   Something to note is that the ‘high fat’ diet that these mice are fed is actually a concoction of hydrogenated vegetable fats, mixed with sugar. This is a far cry from what is commonly understood to be ‘fats’, as the production of these fats turns them into rather toxic substances. Your everyday, whole-food sort of fat found in avocadoes, nuts and seeds, fish and meat are not going to cause the same issue but hydrogenated fat found in fast food and processed food are going to cause problems.

A human study compared the amount of weight a mother gained in each of her pregnancies, and found that if the mother gained too much weight during a pregnancy the child was more likely to develop obesity, even more than 10 years later, compared to when the mother kept to a healthy weight range during her pregnancy. There are a lot of factors which could influence this, but a possible mechanism is that methylation can be reduced in those who are overweight.

This study looked at a group of women in Gambia and analyzed their diet and nutrient status during the preconception period. There were two groups of women analyzed – one who had conceived at the peak of the rainy season, and one who had conceived at the peak of the dry season. The women who had conceived at the peak of the rainy season had greater nutrient levels, notably the B vitamins essential for healthy methylation, and their babies were found to have greater amounts of DNA methylation. The study also found a correlation between the mothers BMI and methylation levels.

This study doesn’t mean that we have to wait until it rains to try to conceive, but rather it highlights the importance of eating nutrient dense food.

The moral of the story? If you’re planning to conceive, are pregnant or breastfeeding aim to eat a variety of fresh, whole, seasonal , nutrient dense foods and avoid exposure to environmental chemicals as much as possible.

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Losing weight can be a long and frustrating process.  Some people can change their diet slightly or do a small amount of exercise and their weight just drops off.  However, some people find that no matter how much they exercise they cannot lose weight at the rate they want.

If you are struggling to lose weight with the normal methods, it may be that you have an internal barrier to weight loss.  There are several hormonal and chemical issues that can stop you from losing weight more effectively.

In the last newsletter I discussed different hormonal imbalances that can affect your ability to lose weight.  If you missed it, click here to read it: Are hormone imbalances affecting your ability to lose weight?  In this edition I will be covering some other factors that can impede your efforts as well.

Aciditiy

If the pH (acid-akaline balance) of the body is too acidic, then this can cause problems with weight loss.  Ideally our internal pH should be around 6.5 for healthy functioning.  pH can be lowered (made acidic) by drinking soft drink or eating acidic foods such as too many grains or meats, or by stress.  Your pH can be measured by a simple urine pH test.

Food intolerances

If you have an intolerance to a food and you continue to eat it, this can cause all sorts of problems in the body, due to the way it upsets the immune system, causes stress on the nervous system and increases inflammation.

Most often food intolerances cause digestive problems such as irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea, constipation, reflux, or bloating.  However food intolerances don’t always express the same way in everyone – some people may get mood swings, headaches, skin problems, immune problems, hormone imbalances, fluid retention or aches and pains as a result of eating it.

Food intolerances can be difficult to identify because they can cause symptoms up to 48 hours after eating a food, and because the problems they cause aren’t always obviously food related.

Food intolerances are usually caused by the immune system developing an antibody or immune memory to a food, when the protein of the food slips through an enlarged pore in the digestive system and is then taken up by the immune system.  The next time you eat that food, the immune system recognizes it as being something foreign, so launches an immune attack.

Eating foods which you are intolerant to will affect normal functioning in the body and can interfere with weight loss.  It can also cause bloating and fluid retention, making your feel larger than you are as well.  Most people who cut out food intolerances lose some fat mass after a few weeks.

These can be identified by an in clinic test called Food Detective via a finger prick, with the Hair500 test, by a blood test in external laboratories, or with an elimination/challenge diet.

Gut & Liver Toxicity

There are many toxins present in our environment, and some people can have difficulty detoxifying them normally.  When we are presented with more toxins than we can process and eliminate, our body will still them in our fat cells.  This presents a problem: our body has put these toxins away for a reason – it cannot cope with them, and therefore it will block weight loss until it can effectively detoxify through the gut and liver.

People with gut and liver toxicity may carry weight in a band around the bottom of their rib cage (Naturopaths refer to this as a ‘liver roll’) and they may also experience symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, bad breath, stomach upsets and a foggy mind.

Not only will toxicity cause us to store away fat, but if we have problems with our digestive processes than it makes our weight loss efforts all the more futile.  If there isn’t enough stomach acid and enzymes being produced to break down your food for easy absorption, then all the fuel we’re putting into build our muscles doesn’t get used properly.    There more muscle you have, the better your metabolism, so if you can’t make enough muscle than it makes fat burning very difficult.

 There are many factors which can contribute to this, such as stress, bacterial imbalances, medications, food intolerances and more.  The good news is that when this problem is remedied, weight loss happens much more quickly and smoothly.

The degree of digestive toxicity can be tested by a urine test known as Urinary Indicans (first morning sample only) which is performed by your naturopath.  A VLA/bio-impedance analysis can also indicate if there may be toxicity present This test is no longer available.

A good detoxification program that supports gut, kidney and liver function will allow your body to release these toxins safely.  Most people will lose a few kilos just from detoxifying, and find that weight loss can occur much more easily after the detox is finished as well.

MTHFR

If a person has a particular gene known as MTHFR, they cannot convert folate to its active form in the body folinic acid.  This causes an increase in an inflammatory chemical, homocysteine, which can cause several problems such as weight gain that is very difficult to shift, depression, heart disease, clotting problems, and blood sugar levels imbalances.

A cheek swab or blood test can be done to identify if you have this gene present.  A blood test to assess for elevated levels of homocysteine could also be done to assess the inflammatory impact of this.

Leptin

Our fat cells produce the hormone leptin which regulates our metabolism and determines how much fat will be stored. Altered levels of leptin can cause problems with food cravings, over eating, hunger and difficulty losing weight.  This can be tested by a blood test.

Poor sleep

Is a known risk factor for weight gain, can increase appetite and blood sugar metabolism problems.

Nutritional Deficiencies

Certain nutritional deficiencies can cause a reduction in metabolism and reduce your ability to burn fat, in particular Vitamin D.

Vitamin D deficiency can be identified by a blood test.  Your Naturopath may be able to tell you if you are showing signs of mineral or vitamin deficiencies by asking symptoms and with some simple in clinic testing.

Inflammation

People suffering from chronic or systemic inflammation may find it hard to lose weight. This is because the inflammatory process diverts energy into fat cells, causing them to thrive and grow. This can make it very difficult to lose weight! The inflammation might come from an existing health complaint, such as an injury, digestion problem, arthritis, allergies etc, or it may be related to current dietary and lifestyle sources.  There are some markers that can be measured by a blood test to assess for inflammation.  A VLA/bio-impedance analysis can also indicate if there may be inflammation present.

If you feel like you have one or more of the above issues that is affecting your ability to lose weight, make an appointment to see how we can help you. We will go through your case history and can suggest which factors may be relevant for you, and can discuss your testing options with you. Once we have identified what is happening we can create a treatment plan to naturally and safely address your internal barriers to weight loss.

The post Internal Barriers to Weight Loss – Part 2 appeared first on Alison Mitchell Naturopath.

This article discusses the thyroid gland and the differences between and over and underactive thyroid.

Thyroid Health

The Butterfly-Shaped Gland

 The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland, situated in the front part of your neck, which produces hormones needed for normal metabolism. Essentially, you can think of your thyroid hormones as the drums in an orchestra or band; thyroid hormones set the rhythm and the pace for most of our body functions – they regulate our metabolic rate and how fast or slow our organs and tissues function. Disordered thyroid function, therefore, upsets the whole rhythm of the body.

The Highs and Lows of Thyroid Function

Dysfunction of the thyroid can cause a number of different symptoms. Thyroid problems can affect weight, energy levels, appetite and mood; but the effects will be different depending on whether the thyroid gland is over functioning or under functioning.

Hyperthyroidism is a state of over-activity of the thyroid gland with excessive production of thyroid hormones and an increased metabolic rate – it’s as if the drums that set the rhythm for our bodies have sped up too much and are making everything function too fast. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism can include:

• Feeling hot and intolerant of hot weather
• Weight loss
• Anxiety, restlessness and insomnia
• Excessive sweating
• Increased heart rate
• Fine tremors of the fingers
• High blood pressure

Hypothyroidism, on the other hand, is a state of under-activity of the thyroid gland with an underproduction of thyroid hormone – it’s as if the drums have slowed down and the beat that is running how our body functions is too slow. When your body does not produce enough of the thyroid hormone, the body’s metabolism slows so much that you can experience symptoms such as:

• Tiredness and fatigue
• Depression
• Irritability
• Weight gain
• Intolerance to cold weather
• Brittle hair
• Slow heart rate
• A croaky, hoarse voice

Herbs to Calm The Thyroid

An overactive thyroid can make you feel anxious and restless and can also be a contributing factor to insomnia. A combination of traditional calming herbs may help to manage these symptoms and slow that beating drum that is increasing your metabolism too much. Lemon balm, Rehmannia, Bugleweed and Phyllanthus emblica are traditional herbs with anti-anxiety actions which can help to calm an overactive thyroid. They also provide anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant protection, reducing the negative effects of oxidative stress and inflammation on the thyroid. Lemon balm is easy to grow and makes a delicious tea. (It’s also great for a nervous tummy!)

Eat more of these foods to calm your thyroid:

Photo by Disiana Caballero on Unsplash

Cabbage, brussel spouts, cauliflower, broccoli (all raw)
Radish
Apples
Almonds and walnuts
Soy milk, tofu and soy fibre

Herbs to Balance The Thyroid

On the other hand an under-active thyroid can make you feel tired, cold and depressed. To increase the rhythm of the drum and improve the activity of the thyroid gland, you can use a combination of herbs traditionally used to energise and warm the body. Ginger, goji berry and rosemary are energising herbs which improve circulation, warm the body and are a great source of antioxidants. Ginger and rosemary are easily included in meals as spices, and goji berries are a great snack. Other herbs that help to balance the thyroid which care available with prescription are Withania, Bladderwack and Bacopa.

As well as these herbs to stimulate thyroid activity, there are some vital nutrients required for an under-active thyroid, including:

• Iodine – Iodine is an essential element for the production of thyroid hormones. Iodine deficiency is common in many areas of the world, leading to depletion of iodine stores and reduced production of thyroid hormones.
• Selenium – This trace element has many important roles in the body, including crucial roles as a cofactor in enzymes essential for production of thyroid hormones.
• Zinc – Low zinc levels are associated with poor thyroid hormone production and reduced basal metabolic rate.

These foods can assist in balancing underactive thyroid function

• Apricots, dates, egg yolks, parsley, molasses, potatoes, prunes, raw seeds, and whole grains.
• Make sure all foods from the brassica family (cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower and brussel sprouts are well cooked).
• Iodine rich foods such as seaweed.

Testing for thyroid problems

Blood tests

These are the most commonly performed and well known forms of testing done, and you can get these tests done by your GP.

The thyroid has a few different hormones and common practice is to first test TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), and if that is out of balance they will then go on to test the main hormones T3 and T4. If these are out of balance, they will then go on to test for thyroid antibodies, which are an indicator of an issue where the immune system attacks the thyroid, being responsible for the imbalance. Another less frequently tested hormone is rT3 (reverse T3).

 Below is a brief guide to thyroid tests:

• TSH: High in hypothyroidism | Low in hyperthyroidism
• T4: Low in hypothyroidism (may appear normal) | High in hyperthyroidism
• T3 (tested less frequently): Low in hypothyroidism | High in hyperthyroidism
• rT3: Higher levels may lead to hypothyroidism symptoms.

 Symptoms

 Symptoms are a good indicator to a practitioner to investigate further. As well as the symptoms listed above, a sign of thyroid imbalance can be a combination of the following:

• Dull facial expression (drooping eyelids)
• Cold intolerance (with cold extremities)
• Poor circulation
• Dry skin, elbow keratosis, brittle nails
• Prolonged Achilles tendon reflex time
• Diffuse hair loss and lateral 1/3 eyebrow
• Slow speech, movement, heart rate
• Puffy face, swollen eyelids
• Fluid retention (body, legs, feet, hands, belly)
• Low body temperature
• Acne
• Fibrocystic breast disease

Basal body temperature

Basal temperature is controlled by the thyroid and can be a good indicator of how much T3 is active inside cells.

1.  Shake down a thermometer to below 35°C and place it by the bed before going to sleep.

2.  Upon waking, place the thermometer under the armpit for a full 10 minutes.

3.  Remain as still as possible, resting with the eyes closed.

4.  Record the temperature for at least 3 consecutive mornings, preferably at the same time of day. Menstruating women must check basal body temperature on the second, third and fourth days of menstruation. Men and menopausal women can check on any 3 consecutive days.

 Ideal basal temperature: 36.5°C- 36.8°C

 Scanning

The thyroid gland itself can be scanned with a radioactive isotope or radioactive iodine scan. This will show whether the gland is enlarged, whether there is a goitre on one or more nodules, and whether particular areas are ‘hot’ (that is, are active and take up the isotope or iodine). An ultrasound can also show up a goitre or nodule and whether it is solid or not. In some cases a needle biopsy of a goitre or nodule may be needed and tissue sent to a pathologist for examination to determine whether it is benign or malignant.

The post Thyroid Health – Part 1 appeared first on Alison Mitchell Naturopath.